{"id":6348,"date":"2025-06-27T15:56:42","date_gmt":"2025-06-27T13:56:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/?p=6348"},"modified":"2025-10-09T13:11:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T11:11:24","slug":"reguliuojamo-uzdelsimo-signalas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/reguliuojamo-uzdelsimo-signalas\/","title":{"rendered":"Reguliuojamo u\u017edelsimo signalas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Id\u0117ja tokia &#8211; reikia, kad padavus signal\u0105 \u012f &#8222;juodos d\u0117\u017e\u0117s&#8221; \u012f\u0117jim\u0105, i\u0161\u0117jime signalas atsirast\u0173 po norimo laiko. Reiks man tokios schemos integravimui \u012f didesn\u0117 schem\u0105. Taigi, pabandome apsira\u0161yti tikslus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Atsiradus signalui \u012f\u0117jime, i\u0161\u0117jime signalas turi atsirasti po norimo laiko (0-5 sekund\u0117s, be didelio tikslumo, nes mano schemai jo nereik\u0117s.);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aktualus, t. y. reikalingas yra kylantis frontas, valdan\u010dio impulso trukm\u0117 apie 6 s.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I\u0161\u0117jimo ir \u012f\u0117jimo signal\u0173 \u012ftampa turi b\u016bti vienoda ir lygi maitinimo \u012ftampai (13,6 V);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I\u0161\u0117jimo signalas turi sugeb\u0117ti u\u017edegti LED\u0105.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tokio tipo taimeriams labiausiai tinka 555 \u0161eimos mikroschemos, jie ir daryti kaip reguliuojamo laiko taimeriai. Bet su 555 jau \u017eaid\u017eiau, tai norisi pabandyti ka\u017ek\u0105 naujo. Ir \u010dia \u012f galv\u0105 ateina kiek primir\u0161tos mintys apie filtrus, jeigu tiksliau &#8211; RC filtrus, apie operacinukus, komparatorius ir visus kitus protingus \u017eod\u017eius. Tuo pa\u010diu noriu pasi\u017eaisti su Analog Devices LTspice grandini\u0173 simuliatoriumi, patikrinti, kiek simuliavimas atitinka tikrov\u0119. Pagrindinis darbinis arkliukas bus koks nors operacinis stiprintuvas, dirbantis kaip komparatorius. Komparatorius &#8211; nes &#8222;compare&#8221; (angl. palyginti), palygina signalus savo \u012f\u0117jimuose ir pagal tai \u012fjungia arba i\u0161jungia savo i\u0161\u0117jim\u0105. Ir nereikia \u010dia \u012fsivaizduoti didelio, tai yra ma\u017eo, kompiuteriuko mikroschemoje, sukan\u010dio galv\u0105 kaip \u010dia t\u0105 i\u0161\u0117jim\u0105 sureguliuoti, nes veikimas maksimaliai paprastas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kai \u012ftampa neinvertuojamame \u012f\u0117jime didesn\u0117 nei \u012ftampa invertuojamame \u012f\u0117jime &#8211; i\u0161\u0117jime loginis 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kai \u012ftampa neinvertuojamame \u012f\u0117jime ma\u017eesn\u0117 nei \u012ftampa invertuojamame \u012f\u0117jime &#8211; i\u0161\u0117jime loginis 0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jeigu trumpai, tai galima b\u016bt\u0173 para\u0161yti va taip:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>U<sub>+<\/sub> &gt; U<sub>&#8211;<\/sub> = 1;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U<sub>+<\/sub> &lt; U<sub>&#8211;<\/sub> = 0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010cia U<sub>+<\/sub> &#8211; \u012ftampa neinvertuojan\u010diame \u012f\u0117jime, U<sub>&#8211;<\/sub> &#8211; \u012ftampa invertuojan\u010diame \u012f\u0117jime, atsakymas &#8211; loginis lygis i\u0161\u0117jime. Taigi, tarkime, kad turime paprastut\u012f operacinuk\u0105:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-4-scaled.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-4-1024x307.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6355\" style=\"width:347px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-4-1024x307.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-4-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-4-768x230.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-4-1536x461.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-4-2048x614.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prad\u017eiai galima b\u016bt\u0173 nustatyti V<sub>2<\/sub> arba, m\u016bs\u0173 formul\u0117je, tai b\u016bt\u0173 U<sub>&#8211;<\/sub>. \u012eprastai invertuojan\u010diame \u012f\u0117jime nustatoma stabili \u012ftampa, kuri\u0105 galime vadinti slenkstine. J\u0105 galima nustatyti \u012fvairiais b\u016bdais &#8211; stabilitronu, atskiru maitinimo \u0161altiniu arba, jeigu nereikia didelio tikslumo ir atri\u0161imo nuo maitinimo \u012ftampos svyravimo &#8211; var\u017einiu dalikliu. T\u0105 pastovaus slenks\u010dio lyg\u012f galima pasirinkti savo nuo\u017ei\u016bra (beveik). Riboja tik operacinuko \u012f\u0117jimo \u012ftampos maksimali vert\u0117. Kadangi noriu simuliacijai naudoti LTspice program\u0105, joje yra tikrai daug operacinuk\u0173 modeli\u0173 pasirinkim\u0173. Pasi\u0117miau vos ne pirm\u0105 pasitaikius\u012f, mokant\u012f maitintis ir nuo dvipolio, ir nuo vienpolio maitinimo, svarbiausia rail-to-rail i\u0161\u0117jimas, t. y. i\u0161\u0117jimo \u012ftampa gali b\u016bti tokia pati, kaip maitinimo \u012ftampa &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/ada4620.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ADA4620<\/a>. Vienpolio maitinimo maksimali \u012ftampa 36 V &#8211; OK, precizinis &#8211; sueis, ma\u017eai triuk\u0161maujantis &#8211; nelabai aktualu, 16 MHz &#8211; stipriai per daug, tiek tikrai nereiks, da\u017enis bus Hz vienet\u0173 eil\u0117s, bet sueis, o \u012fdomus pasirod\u0117 d\u0117l to, kad panaudoti JFET tranzistoriai. FET tranzistoriai n\u0117ra labai m\u0117gstami audio stiprintuvuose, bet m\u016bs\u0173 poreikiams bus net labiau tinkami nei paprasti BJT. Ir plius, kad naujas produktas, tai dar ne greitai bus &#8222;obsolete&#8221; ar &#8222;discontinued&#8221;. Taigi, invertuojantis i\u0161\u0117jimas tur\u0117t\u0173 atrodyti va taip:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"524\" height=\"594\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6365\" style=\"width:228px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-5.png 524w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-5-265x300.png 265w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Var\u017einiu dalikliu R1, R2 nustatysime \u012ftamp\u0105, \u017eemiau kurios operacinuko i\u0161\u0117jime bus 0, o \u012ftampai neinvertuojamame \u012f\u0117jime pakilus vir\u0161 to nustatyto lygio &#8211; i\u0161\u0117jime bus 1. Kokia t\u0105 \u012ftamp\u0105 nustatyti ? Mano logika paprasta &#8211; kuo auk\u0161tesn\u0117 \u012ftampa bus, tuo ilgiau krausis kondensatorius prie neinvertuojamo \u012f\u0117jimo, tai galima bus naudoti ma\u017eesn\u0117s talpos kondensatori\u0173. \u017di\u016brim mikroschemos apra\u0161ym\u0105:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-6.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"64\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-6-1024x64.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6368\" style=\"width:752px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-6-1024x64.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-6-300x19.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-6-768x48.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-6.png 1241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kadangi maitinimas vienpolis, tai V- yra 0V, o V+ mano atveju bus 13,6 V, tai minimali galima \u012ftampa -0,1 V, maksimali \u012ftampa 13,6-4,4=9,2 V. Kad neb\u016bt\u0173 jau visai arti ribin\u0117s, maksimali\u0105 \u012ftamp\u0105 bandysiu pataikyti kokia puse volto ma\u017eesn\u0119, bet naudosiu standartinius 5 % tikslumo rezistorius (nes toki\u0173 u\u017eteks, o stipriai pigiau nei 1% ar 0,5%), tai vert\u0117s bus ka\u017ekokios irgi standartin\u0117s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\\[V_{\\text{out}} = V_{\\text{in}} \\cdot \\frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2}\\]<script id=\"wp-hooks-js\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-includes\/js\/dist\/hooks.min.js?ver=f0f188028580e8dc1255\"><\/script>\n<script id=\"wp-i18n-js\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-includes\/js\/dist\/i18n.min.js?ver=1dfe7db3940c23ea9216\"><\/script>\n<script id=\"wp-i18n-js-after\">\nwp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );\n\/\/# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after\n<\/script>\n<script  async id=\"mathjax-js\" src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/mathjax\/2.7.7\/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML\"><\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pasirenku R<sub>2<\/sub> = 22 k\u2126, standartin\u0117, niekuo neypatinga var\u017ea. O kokia turi b\u016bti R<sub>1<\/sub> ? I\u0161 tos pa\u010dios formul\u0117s:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\\[R_1 = R_2 \\cdot \\frac{V_{\\text{in}} &#8211; V_{\\text{out}}}{V_{\\text{out}}}\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jau turime &#8211; R<sub>2<\/sub> = 22 k\u2126, V<sub>in<\/sub> = 13,6 V, V<sub>out<\/sub> = 8,5 V (nes maksimali galima 9,2 V, pa\u0117miau dar puse volto ma\u017eiau ir suapvalinau iki 8,5 V). Dabar jau galima suskai\u010diuoti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\n\\[\nR_1 = 22000 \\cdot \\frac{13,6 &#8211; 8,5}{8,5}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nR_1 = 22000 \\cdot \\frac{5,1}{8,5}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nR_1 =22000 \\cdot 0,6 = 13200\\,\\Omega\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{R_1 =13,2\\,\\text{k}\\Omega}\n\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standartin\u0117 vert\u0117 yra 13 k\u2126, taigi, perskai\u010diuojam V<sub>out<\/sub> su Vin = 13,6 V, R<sub>1<\/sub> = 13 k\u2126 ir R<sub>2<\/sub> = 22 k\u2126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\\[\nV_{\\text{out}} = 13{,}6 \\cdot \\frac{22}{13 + 22}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nV_{\\text{out}} = 13{,}6 \\cdot \\frac{22}{35}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\frac{22}{35} \\approx 0{,}6286\n\\]\n\n\\[\nV_{\\text{out}} = 13{,}6 \\cdot 0{,}6286 \\approx 8{,}54 \\, \\text{V}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{V_{\\text{out}} \\approx 8{,}54 \\, \\text{V}}\n\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taigi, m\u016bs\u0173 slenkstin\u0117 \u012ftampa bus 8,54 V. Papildome schem\u0105:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"574\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6377\" style=\"width:262px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-7.png 574w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-7-286x300.png 286w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 574px) 100vw, 574px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dar kartel\u012f, kad u\u017esifiksuoti &#8211; kai \u012f\u0117jime su pliuso \u017eenklu \u012ftampa bus ma\u017eesn\u0117 nei 8,54 V &#8211; i\u0161\u0117jime bus 0, kai \u012f\u0117jime su pliuso \u017eenklu \u012ftampa bus didesn\u0117 nei 8,54 V &#8211; i\u0161\u0117jime bus 1 (maitinimo \u012ftampa). Dabar reikia sugalvoti schem\u0105 tam \u012f\u0117jimui su pliuso \u017eenklu. Kadangi reikia i\u0161\u0117jimo atid\u0117jimo, tai logi\u0161ka b\u016bt\u0173 per rezistori\u0173 u\u017ekraudin\u0117ti kondensatori\u0173, parenkant rezistori\u0173 ir\/arba kondensatori\u0173 tokius, kad \u012ftampa ant kondensatoriaus perlipt\u0173 m\u016bs\u0173 slenkstin\u0119 po mums reikiamo laiko. Papildome schem\u0105 kondensatoriaus \u012fsikrovimo greit\u012f ribojan\u010diu rezistoriumi, ai\u0161ku, kondensatoriumi ir prijungiam kondensatori\u0173 prie \u012f\u0117jimo su pliuso \u017eenklu (neinvertuojantis \u012f\u0117jimas):<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-8.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"895\" height=\"829\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6382\" style=\"width:343px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-8.png 895w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-8-300x278.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-8-768x711.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 895px) 100vw, 895px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dar prid\u0117jau i\u0161 13,6 V sta\u010diakampio impulso generatori\u0173, kurio signal\u0105 v\u0117linsim. Kai atsiranda 13,6 V impulsas, kondensatorius C1 pradeda \u012fsikraudin\u0117ti, bet rezistorius R3 tam procesui trukdo, tod\u0117l \u012fsikrovimas vyksta l\u0117tai\/l\u0117\u010diau. O komparatoriaus neinvertuojantis \u012f\u0117jimas pastoviai \u010diupin\u0117ja kondensatoriaus \u012ftamp\u0105 ir vis tikrina, ar jau pasiektas slenkstinis lygis. \u0160it\u0105 viet\u0105 galima panaudoti v\u0117linimo laiko reguliavimui, tereikia keisti arba var\u017e\u0105 arba talp\u0105. Rezistoriaus var\u017e\u0105 keisti \u017eymiai lengviau, negu kondensatoriaus talp\u0105, tod\u0117l kondensatori\u0173 pasirenkame nekintam\u0105, tarkim 10 \u00b5F, o rezistori\u0173 bandysime skai\u010diuoti, kai maksimalus u\u017edelsimo laikas, tarkim, 5 s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">Kondensatoriaus \u012fkrovimo formul\u0117:\n\n\\[\nV(t) = V_{\\text{in}} \\cdot \\left(1 &#8211; e^{-\\frac{t}{RC}}\\right)\n\\]\n\nKadangi reikia suskai\u010diuoti rezistori\u0173 \\(R\\):\n\n\\[\n\\frac{V(t)}{V_{\\text{in}}} = 1 &#8211; e^{-\\frac{t}{RC}} \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad e^{-\\frac{t}{RC}} = 1 &#8211; \\frac{V(t)}{V_{\\text{in}}}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n-\\frac{t}{RC} = \\ln\\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{V(t)}{V_{\\text{in}}}\\right) \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad \\frac{t}{RC} = -\\ln\\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{V(t)}{V_{\\text{in}}}\\right)\n\\]\n\n\\[\nR = \\frac{t}{C \\cdot \\left[-\\ln\\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{V(t)}{V_{\\text{in}}}\\right)\\right]} = \\frac{t}{C \\cdot \\ln\\left(\\frac{1}{1 &#8211; \\frac{V(t)}{V_{\\text{in}}}}\\right)}\n\\]\n\nDuota:\n\n\\[\nt = 5 \\, \\text{s}, \\quad C = 10 \\times 10^{-6} \\, \\text{F}, \\quad V(t) = 8{,}54 \\, \\text{V}, \\quad V_{\\text{in}} = 13{,}6 \\, \\text{V}\n\\]\n\n\u012estatome reik\u0161mes:\n\n\\[\nR = \\frac{5}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\cdot \\ln\\left(\\frac{1}{1 &#8211; \\frac{8{,}54}{13{,}6}}\\right)} = \\frac{5}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\cdot \\ln\\left(\\frac{1}{1 &#8211; 0{,}6279}\\right)}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nR = \\frac{5}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\cdot \\ln\\left(\\frac{1}{0{,}3721}\\right)} = \\frac{5}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\cdot \\ln(2{,}688)} \n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\ln(2{,}688) \\approx 0{,}9886\n\\]\n\n\\[\nR = \\frac{5}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\times 0{,}9886} = \\frac{5}{9{,}886 \\times 10^{-6}} \\approx 505\\,900 \\, \\Omega\n\\]\n\nRezistoriaus reik\u0161m\u0117, kad \u012fkrovimo laikas iki 8,54 V b\u016bt\u0173 5 sekund\u0117s, yra apie\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{R \\approx 506 \\, \\text{k}\\Omega}\n\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standartin\u0117 rezistoriaus vert\u0117 b\u016bt\u0173 510 k\u2126. O kokia var\u017ea tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti, norint tur\u0117ti 1s v\u0117linim\u0105?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">Duota:\n\n\\[\nt = 1 \\, \\text{s}, \\quad C = 10 \\times 10^{-6} \\, \\text{F}, \\quad V(t) = 8.54 \\, \\text{V}, \\quad V_{\\text{in}} = 13.6 \\, \\text{V}\n\\]\n\n\u012estatome reik\u0161mes:\n\n\\[\nR = -\\frac{1}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\cdot \\ln\\left(1 &#8211; \\frac{8.54}{13.6}\\right)} = -\\frac{1}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\cdot \\ln(1 &#8211; 0.628)}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n= -\\frac{1}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\cdot \\ln(0.372)} = -\\frac{1}{10 \\times 10^{-6} \\times (-0.989)} = \\frac{1}{9.89 \\times 10^{-6}} \\approx 101{,}1\\,k\\Omega\n\\]\n\nRezistoriaus reik\u0161m\u0117, kad kondensatorius \u012fsikraut\u0173 iki 8,54 V per 1 sekund\u0119, yra:\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{R \\approx 101{,}1\\, \\text{k}\\Omega}\n\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Suma summarum, norint tur\u0117ti reguliuojam\u0105 nuo 1 s iki 5 s reikia var\u017e\u0105 keisti nuo 100 k\u2126 iki 510 k\u2126. Papildome kuriam\u0105 schem\u0105, kai v\u0117linimas 5 s:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-9.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"821\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6392\" style=\"width:381px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-9.png 870w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-9-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-9-768x725.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toki\u0105 schem\u0105 jau b\u016bt\u0173 galima surinkti LTspice programoje ir paanalizuoti:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-10.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"485\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-10-1024x485.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6396\" style=\"width:823px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-10-1024x485.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-10-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-10-768x364.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-10-1536x727.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-10.png 1831w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pasimatuokime \u012ftampas svarbiuose schemos ta\u0161kuose ir atvaizduokime grafi\u0161kai:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-11-scaled.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-11-1024x237.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-11-1024x237.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-11-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-11-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-11-1536x355.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-11-2048x473.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grafikas pasididina. \u010cia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raudona &#8211; \u012ftampa, formuojama rezistoriniu dalikliu \u012f invertuojant\u012f operacinuko \u012f\u0117jim\u0105. Simuliacijoje apskai\u010diuota vert\u0117 8,4931338V.<br>M\u0117lyna &#8211; sta\u010diakampis impulsas, kuris v\u0117linamas operacinuku ir i\u0161lenda jo i\u0161\u0117jime po nustatyto laiko. Impulso trukm\u0117 6 s.<br>\u0160viesiai m\u0117lyna &#8211; \u012ftampa ant kondensatoriaus ir neinvertuojamame operacinuko \u012f\u0117jime. Matome, kaip atsiradus impulsui, \u0161i \u012ftampa did\u0117ja ir, kai pasiekia m\u016bs\u0173 nustatyt\u0105 slenkstin\u0119 \u012ftamp\u0105 atsiranda\u2026:<br>\u017dalia linija &#8211; m\u016bs\u0173 pana\u0161iai 6 sekundes u\u017ev\u0117lav\u0119s i\u0161\u0117jimas, kuris pradingsta, kai dingus impulsui kondensatorius i\u0161sikrauna iki slenkstin\u0117s \u012ftampos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ir i\u0161 karto grafike matosi didelis minusas &#8211; kondensatorius labai ilgai i\u0161sikraudin\u0117ja. O blogai tai d\u0117l to, kad jeigu impulsas ateis, kol kondensatorius nei\u0161sikrov\u0119s &#8211; jis prad\u0117s \u012fsikraudin\u0117ti ne nuo 0 V, o nuo ka\u017ekiek daugiau, tai ir slenkstin\u0117s ribos pasiekimo laikas atitinkamas sutrump\u0117s. Reikia t\u0105 kondensatori\u0173 ka\u017ekaip priverstinai i\u0161krauti, kai jo paslaug\u0173 mums nebereikia. Tam yra gudras sprendimas &#8211; diodas. Schema dabar atrodyt\u0173 taip:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-12.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-12-1024x482.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-12-1024x482.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-12-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-12-768x361.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-12-1536x723.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-12.png 1838w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O grafikas taip:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-13-scaled.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-13-1024x237.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-13-1024x237.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-13-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-13-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-13-1536x355.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-13-2048x473.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Viskas atrodo pana\u0161iai, bet dabar vos tik atsijungia valdantis impulsas &#8211; dingsta \u012ftampa ant kondensatoriaus ir tuo pa\u010diu operacinuko i\u0161\u0117jime. Idealu <img decoding=\"async\" draggable=\"false\" class=\"eedee-emoji\" src=\"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/svg\/1f601.svg\" alt=\"\ud83d\ude01\">. Taip galvotum, bet i\u0161 tikro &#8211; ne. Pasi\u017ei\u016br\u0117kim kaip atrodyt\u0173, kai valdantys impulsai yra bent du.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-14-scaled.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-14-1024x237.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-14-1024x237.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-14-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-14-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-14-1536x355.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-14-2048x473.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ir k\u0105 \u010dia matome ? Ogi kondensatorius realiai n\u0117ra i\u0161krautas, tod\u0117l at\u0117jus naujam impulsui jis kraunasi ne nuo 0 V, o nuo tos \u012ftampos, kuri liko i\u0161 pra\u0117jusio impulso. O mums taip netinka, kiekvien\u0105 kart\u0105 reikia kondensatori\u0173 krauti nuo 0 V, kad b\u016bt\u0173 reikiamas v\u0117linimas. Pana\u0161us vaizdas b\u016bt\u0173 ir pa\u0161alinus diod\u0105:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-15-scaled.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-15-1024x237.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-15-1024x237.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-15-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-15-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-15-1536x355.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-15-2048x473.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Principe mano schemai tikt\u0173 ir toks veikimas, kai sekantys impulsai turi ma\u017eesn\u012f v\u0117linim\u0105, bet dar paeksperimentuokime su LTspice. Ir dar pasteb\u0117jau, kad tokiu vis papildom\u0173 \u012fkrovim\u0173 atveju, kondensatoriaus \u012ftampa gali pakilti iki maitinimo \u012ftampos, 13,6 V, o tai yra daugiau nei gali atlaikyti operacinuko \u012f\u0117jimas (9,2 V maks.). Pama\u017einkime m\u016bs\u0173 slenkstin\u0119 \u012ftamp\u0105 iki, tarkim 5 V:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\\[R_1 = R_2 \\cdot \\frac{V_{\\text{in}} &#8211; V_{\\text{out}}}{V_{\\text{out}}}\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Turime &#8211; R<sub>2<\/sub> = 22 k\u2126, V<sub>in<\/sub> = 13,6 V, V<sub>out<\/sub> = 5,0 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\\[\nR_1 = 22000 \\cdot \\frac{13,6 &#8211; 5,0}{5,0}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nR_1 = 22000 \\cdot \\frac{8,6}{5,0}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nR_1 = 22000 \\cdot 1,72 = 37840\\,\\Omega\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{R_1 = 37,84\\,\\text{k}\\Omega}\n\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standartin\u0117s var\u017eos b\u016bt\u0173 36 k\u2126 arba 39 k\u2126. Pasirenkame 39 k\u2126, \u012ftampa bus truput\u012f ma\u017eesn\u0117 (geriau, nei truput\u012f didesn\u0117). Perskai\u010diuojam V<sub>out<\/sub> su Vin = 13,6 V, R<sub>1<\/sub> = 39 k\u2126 ir R<sub>2<\/sub> = 22 k\u2126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\\[\nV_{\\text{out}} = 13{,}6 \\cdot \\frac{22}{39 + 22}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nV_{\\text{out}} = 13{,}6 \\cdot \\frac{22}{61}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\frac{22}{61} \\approx 0{,}3607\n\\]\n\n\\[\nV_{\\text{out}} = 13{,}6 \\cdot 0{,}3607 \\approx 4{,}906 \\, \\text{V}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{V_{\\text{out}} \\approx 4{,}91 \\, \\text{V}}\n\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Slenkstin\u0117 \u012ftampa perskai\u010diuota, pakoreguojam schem\u0105. Grafi\u0161kas atitinka skai\u010diavim\u0105 (raudona linija). Lygiagre\u010diai kondensatoriui pridedame stabilitron\u0105 arba, kitaip, Zenerio diod\u0105 su 5,6V pramu\u0161imo \u012ftampa (STZ5.6NT146). Tai tur\u0117t\u0173 apriboti maksimali\u0105 kondensatoriaus \u012ftamp\u0105 (melsva linija) iki tikrai saugi\u0173 5,6 V. Grafi\u0161kai tai atrodo taip:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-17-scaled.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-17-1024x237.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-17-1024x237.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-17-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-17-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-17-1536x355.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-17-2048x473.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pliusas ir tas, kad ma\u017eiau \u012fkrautas kondensatorius = ma\u017eiau reiks i\u0161krauti po impulso pabaigos. O schema atrodo va taip:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-18.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-18-1024x467.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-18-1024x467.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-18-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-18-768x350.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-18-1536x700.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-18.png 1905w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dabar turime saugius \u012ftamp\u0173 lygius, kaip ir teising\u0105 veikim\u0105, tuo atveju, jeigu impulsas yra tik vienas arba sekantis impulsas ateina po ilgesnio laiko (kai kondensatorius jau i\u0161sikrov\u0119s). Liko tik sugalvoti, kaip i\u0161krauti kondensatori\u0173. Papras\u010diausias, bet tuo pa\u010diu ir ma\u017eiausiai eleganti\u0161kas, netgi brutalus b\u016bdas &#8211; panaudoti relyt\u0119, kuri reikiamu momentu u\u017etrumpins kondensatori\u0173 \u012f minus\u0105, taip j\u012f i\u0161kraunant iki nulio volt\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-19.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"483\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-19-1024x483.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6447\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-19-1024x483.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-19-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-19-768x362.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-19-1536x724.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-19.png 1830w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atnaujinta schema. Nekreipkite d\u0117mesio \u012f DPDT rel\u0117s tip\u0105, pasirodo LTspice ir labai k\u016bdai su rel\u0117mis, tai k\u0105 turiu t\u0105 ir naudoju. Kai n\u0117ra valdan\u010dio impulso, rel\u0117s kontaktai laiko kondensatoriaus teigiam\u0105 poli\u0173 prijungt\u0105 prie minuso. R4 (1 k\u2126) skirtas apriboti srov\u0119, kuri tek\u0117s per rel\u0117s kontaktus, kai vyks kondensatoriaus i\u0161krovimas. Kod\u0117l 1 k\u2126 ? A, \u0161iaip. \u010cia svarbu nevir\u0161yti rel\u0117s kontakt\u0173 maksimalios srov\u0117s. Nors netgi be rezistoriaus, many\u010diau, impulsas bus per trumpas ir per silpnas, kad prideginti kontaktus arba \u0161auti \u017eie\u017eirb\u0105. Bet darom taip, kad b\u016bt\u0173 tikrai tikrai. O prie 1 k\u2126, kai kondensatorius \u012fsikrov\u0119s iki maksimalios 5,6 V \u012ftampos, srov\u0117 bus (taip taip, gerbiamieji, Omo d\u0117snis):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mathml-mathmlblock\">\\[\nI = \\frac{V}{R}\n\\]\n\n\\[\nI = \\frac{5.6 \\, \\text{V}}{1000 \\, \\Omega} = 0.0056 \\, \\text{A} = 5.6 \\, \\text{mA}\n\\]<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tai jau bet kokia, net ir silpna rel\u0117 laisvai atlaikys 5,6 mA trumpalaik\u0119 srov\u0119. Jeigu reikt\u0173 i\u0161krauti kondensatori\u0173, kurio \u012ftampa auk\u0161tesn\u0117, galima b\u016bt\u0173 skai\u010diuoti 1 A i\u0161rovimo srov\u0119. Tiek laiko netgi paprastos signalin\u0117s mikrorel\u0117s. Grafikas atrodo va taip (spalvos pasikeit\u0117, nes i\u0161 naujo sud\u0117liojau &#8222;daviklius&#8221;, bet ir taip jau ai\u0161ku kas \u010dia kur):<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-21-scaled.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-21-1024x237.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6454\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-21-1024x237.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-21-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-21-768x177.png 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-21-1536x355.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-21-2048x473.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dabar jau abiej\u0173 impuls\u0173 trukm\u0117 vienoda, \u012fsikrovimas vyksta nuo 0 V, nebeaktualus laikas tarp impuls\u0173, nes nereikia laukti, kol i\u0161sikraus kondensatorius. Prie esam\u0173 nominal\u0173 v\u0117linimas 4,4 s. Jeigu R1 pakeisti i\u0161 750 k\u2126 \u012f 900 k\u2126 &#8211; v\u0117linimas bus 5,07 s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ties \u0161ita vieta schemos k\u016brimas kaip ir gal\u0117t\u0173 sustoti, bent jau maket\u0105 rinksiu i\u0161 to, k\u0105 turime dabar. Bet norintiems galima dar patobulinti schem\u0105. I\u0161 grafiko akivaizdu, kad pav\u0117lintas impulsas baigiasi kartu su valdan\u010diuoju impulsu, taigi, jeigu v\u0117linimas bus toks pat ar ilgesnis nei valdan\u010dio impulso trukm\u0117 &#8211; i\u0161\u0117jime netur\u0117sime pav\u0117linto signalo. Galima b\u016bt\u0173 sugalvoti, kaip pailginti i\u0161\u0117jimo impuls\u0105, kad v\u0117linimas gal\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti didesnis nei valdan\u010dio impulso trukm\u0117. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/LTspice_simul.zip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Failai simuliacijai LTspice programoje yra \u010dia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Realiam bandymui surinkau visk\u0105 ant maketin\u0117s plok\u0161t\u0117s. Taip, negra\u017eu, grubu ir gal ne visada tiksliai veikiantis variantas, bet pabandymui u\u017eteks.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG20251009120408-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG20251009120408-1024x635.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6721\" style=\"width:543px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG20251009120408-1024x635.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG20251009120408-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG20251009120408-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG20251009120408-1536x953.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG20251009120408-2048x1270.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raudone LED lemput\u0117 &#8211; apkrova. Ka\u017eko galingo nejungsiu, nes operacinukas gali neatlaikyti. Juodas pailgas daiktas su nery\u0161kiu u\u017era\u0161u &#8211; rel\u0117, o operacinukas gyvena ZIF lizde. Paband\u017eiau ir supratau, kad rel\u0117 netinka &#8211; reikia su NC kontaktu, o \u010dia su NO. Be rel\u0117s sistema veikia, u\u017edelsimas yra, bet vis tiek noriu pakeisti rel\u0119 \u012f teising\u0105. Radau stal\u010diuje Relpol RM699BV-3011-85-1012, turi ir NC ir NO kontaktus. Galutin\u0117 schema beveik tokia pat, kaip simuliacijoje, prid\u0117jau tik <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/kam-reikalingas-reles-diodas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">relei diod\u0105<\/a> &#8211; kad auk\u0161ta \u012ftampa nepramu\u0161t\u0173 ko nors operacinukui. Oscilograma:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/DS2_202510912350.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/DS2_202510912350.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/DS2_202510912350.png 800w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/DS2_202510912350-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/DS2_202510912350-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geltona linija &#8211; signalas ant operacinuko 3 kontakto (neinvertuojantis \u012f\u0117jimas, tas, kuriame \u012ftampa kinta), m\u0117lyna linija &#8211; 6 kontaktas, operacinuko i\u0161\u0117jimas. Paanalizuokime, atsiranda tie patys 14V tre\u010diame kontakte (vadinkime &#8211; valdymo impulsas), pradeda krautis kondensatorius, tod\u0117l grafikas gra\u017eiai kyla \u012f vir\u0161\u0173. 1 langelis yra 1 sekund\u0117, taigi, grafikas kyla 5 sekundes, kol pasiekia, pana\u0161iai, 5 V, tada suveikia operacinukas ir i\u0161\u0117jime atsiranda irgi 14V. Nors valdymo impulsas ateina 14 V, \u012ftampa nekyla auk\u0161\u010diau 5,6 V &#8211; pradeda veikti stabilitronas, apriboja \u012ftamp\u0105 iki saugios. Paskui valdymo impulsas dingsta, tuo pa\u010diu dingsta ir i\u0161\u0117jimo \u012ftampa. Po beveik 1,5 sekund\u0117s v\u0117l prijungiu valdymo impuls\u0105 ir v\u0117l kondensatorius kraunamas nuo 0 V &#8211; ko ir reik\u0117jo, kad i\u0161\u0117jimo u\u017edelsimas visada b\u016bt\u0173 vienodas. Schema, pana\u0161u, veikia taip, kaip nor\u0117jau, tod\u0117l pridedame j\u0105 \u012f projektuojam\u0105 schem\u0105 <img decoding=\"async\" draggable=\"false\" class=\"eedee-emoji\" src=\"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/svg\/1f601.svg\" alt=\"\ud83d\ude01\">.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Id\u0117ja tokia &#8211; reikia, kad padavus signal\u0105 \u012f &#8222;juodos d\u0117\u017e\u0117s&#8221; \u012f\u0117jim\u0105, i\u0161\u0117jime signalas atsirast\u0173 po norimo laiko. Reiks man tokios schemos integravimui \u012f didesn\u0117 schem\u0105. Taigi, pabandome apsira\u0161yti tikslus: Tokio tipo taimeriams labiausiai tinka 555 \u0161eimos mikroschemos, jie ir daryti kaip reguliuojamo laiko taimeriai. Bet su 555 jau \u017eaid\u017eiau, tai norisi pabandyti ka\u017ek\u0105 naujo. Ir&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-elektronika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6348","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6348"}],"version-history":[{"count":104,"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6348\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6735,"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6348\/revisions\/6735"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6348"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6348"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dclabs.lt\/dainiaus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}